A
acetylation
-of RNA 429
- with acetic anhydride 429
3'-acetyldeoxythymidine 5'-metaphosphate 139
3'-O-acetyldeoxythymidine 82
N-acetylimidazole 415
acid phosphatase from the prostate gland 133
acrylonitrile
- watersoluble 417
actinomycin
- binding to DNA 361
acyl phosphates
- general concepts 163 ff
- properties 164 acylation
- nucleosides 52
adenine 94
- N1-alkylation 427
- bromination 7
- ionization 95 ff
- methylation 233
- protonation 412
- reactions involving exocyclic amino groups 50 f.
- structural formula 4
adenoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate 83
adenosine 34, 94
- acylation 52
- alkylation 42, 54
- halogenation 39
- hydrolysis 60, 65, 179
- methylation 42
- oxidation 43
- reaction with nitrous acid 51
- tautomeric forms 38
adenosine 2'-phosphate 84
- structure 75
adenosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphates
- hydrolysis 147
adenosine 2',5'-diphosphate 89
adenosine 3'-phosphate
- structure 75
adenosine 3'(2')-phosphate
- hydrolysis 178
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate 87
- enzymatic cleavage 149
- X-ray structural analysis 148
adenosine 5'-diphosphate 162
adenosine 5-methylphosphate 177
adenosine 5-phosphate 94, 97
- hydrolysis 178
- imidazolide 178
- morpholide 177
- structure 75
adenosine 5-triphosphate 163
2'-adenylic acid
- structure 75
3'-adenylic acid
- structure 75
5-adenylic acid
- structure 75
alkaline phosphatase
- from E. coli 133
- from wheat 133
alkylation
- of heterocyclic bases 448
- of internucleotide phosphate groups 448
alkylation agents 414
alkylhydrazine 400 f.
O-alkylhydroxylamines 425
alkyl phosphates
- hydrolysis 119
alkylphosphomorpholide 452
amide of uridine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate 151
amidomonophosphates 174
amidophosphates 169
3-amino-3-deoxy-D-ribose 26
4-amino-4-deoxyhexose 30
aminoacylation 430 ff.
- of 3'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA 432
- of heterocyclic bases 432
-of ribonucleosides 53
- selective 431
aminomethylation 40
-of nucleosides 41
angiotensin II 550
aniline 450
anticodon loop
- three-dimensional structure 370
aryl sulfochloride 138
aryl(alkyl)sulfonyl chlorides 53
N-aryl-b-chloroethylamine 414
N-arylamidophosphates 171
ascorbic acid 446
autoradiogram 246
autoradiography 246
3'-azido derivatives of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate 256

B
bacteriophage k 549 ff.
banks of nucleotide sequences 293
base pairing 326
-in DNA 337
-in tRNA 377
- Non-Watson-Crick 315
- observation by IR and NMR spectroscopy 315
-stabilizing factors 316
- Watson-Crick 314
base stacking - base association in water solutions 317
- in oligo- and polynucleotides 319
- stacking forces 318 base UV spectra 319 benzyl amidophosphate 172, 173 bisulfite
-reaction with 402 bisulfite anion 411
- b-elimination 410
bisulfite ion 410, 425
blocking trityl group 55, 491 ff.
5-bromodeoxyuridine
- hydrolysis 61
2-bromoethylamine 281
bromohydrin 405
bromosuccinimide 405, 425
5-bromouracil 405
tert-butyl alcohol 450
tert-butyl phosphate 121

C
carbamoylation 449
N-carbethoxyimidazole 415
carbodiimide 502
- activation of phosphate 449
- 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide 460
- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) 136
- diisopropylcarbodiimide 449 f.
- 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide 453
- reaction with
- - bases 418
- - guanine 418
- - inosine 418
- - pseudouridine 418
- - thymine 418
- - uracil 418
- tRNA modification with 458
- water soluble 417, 449 ff.
para-carboxyphenyl phosphate 114
CD and ORD spectra
- of dinucleoside phosphates 324
- of oligo- and polynucleotides 321, 324
- sensitivity to nucleotide sequence 322
cellular DNAs 182
cellular RNAs 183
cellulose 533
Chargaff's rules 197
chelate complexes 447
chelating agents
- bleomycin 445
- ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 445
- ortho-phenanthroline (Phen) 445
- porphyrin 445
chemical ligation
- activation of the phosphate groups 501
-advantage of 504
- chemical reaction selectivity 502
- concatemeric complex 504
- condensation agents 502
- pre-activation 502
- reaction rate 502
- strategy and tactics 505
- two types of terminal phosphate activation 502
chemical nucleases 445ff
chemical probing 455 ff.
- of secondary structure of rRNA 462
- of TAR 465
- of three-dimensional structure of tRNA 458
- strategies of location of modified nucleotides 456
chemical synthesis - automation 494, 541
- block method 516
- blocking of amino groups in heterocyclic bases 508
- blocking of hydroxyls in deoxyribose 507 E
- blocking of phosphate groups 508
- condensation agents 494
- history of 493
- hydrophosphoryl method 494
- introduction of protective groups 494
- major protective groups 507f.
- multiple simultaneous synthesis on polymer segments 542ff.
- phosphite-triester method 494
- phosphodiester method 494
- phosphotriester method 494
- purification 545
- requirements 492
- separation 545
- solid-phase approach 494
- step-by-step method 516
- synthetic genes 546 ff.
chemoenzymatic synthesis
- general principles 495 ff.
- one-step ligation 500
- reliability 499
- step-by-step solid-phase construction 500
- three-step procedure 498
chloraldehyde 426
chloroacetaldehyde 423
chromosome 549
citrate 410
cleavage
- of internucleotide linkage 435 ff.
- of the C-O bond 435
- of the P-O bond 435
cloning DNA 251
coenzyme A 161, 176
computer analysis 292
controlled pore glass
- anchor group 534
- size of pores 534
cordycepin 28
cross-linking of polynucleotide chain 420
b-cyanethyl phosphate 131
cyanogen bromide 502
cyanuric chloride 281
cyclic nucleosides
- formation 59
cyclic phosphates
- hydrolysis 125 ff.
- reactions accompanied by formation of cyclic structures 128 ff.
cyclohexanone 427
2',3'-cyclophosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate 176
cysteine 410
cytidine 94
- acylation 52
- alkylation 42
- halogenation 39
- hydrolysis 60, 179
- methylation 42
- oxidation 43
- reaction with nitrous acid 51
- reamination 46
- selective N-acetylation 50
cytidine 2'-phosphate 94
- structure 75
cytidine 3-benzyl phosphate 153
cytidine 3-phosphate 94
- structure 75
cytidine 5-diphosphoglycerol 161
cytidine 5'-phosphate 94, 97
- structure 75
2'-cytidylic acid
- structure 75
3'-cytidylic acid
- structure 75
5'-cytidylic acid
- structure 75
cytoplasmic DNA 182
cytosine 94
- convention into uracil 402
- elimination of 403
- halogenation 404 f.
- ionization 95 ff.
- mercuration 404 f.
- 5-mercury substituent 406
- modification 402
- oxidation 48
- protonation 412
- reactions 402
- - involving exocyclic amino groups 50 f.
- structural formula 3
- transformations 401

D
deamination 402
-of nucleosides 51
-of RNAs 424
7-deazaadenine 29
degradation
- oxidative 445
2-deoxy-D-ribose 5
deoxyadenosine
- hydrolysis 60, 65, 94, 179
deoxyadenosine 3'-phosphate
- structure 76
deoxyadenosine 5-phosphate
- hydrolysis 178
- structure 76
3'-deoxyadenylic acid
- structure 76
5'-deoxyadenylic acid
- structure 76
deoxycytidine 94
- hydrolysis 60, 61, 63, 179
- reamination 46
deoxycytidine 3'-phosphate
- structure 76
deoxycytidine 3',5'-diphosphate
- hydrolysis 179
deoxycytidine 5'-phosphate 94
- hydrolysis 179
- structure 76
3'-deoxycytidylic acid
- structure 76
5'-deoxycytidylic acid
- structure 76
deoxyguanosine 61,
- benzoylation 50
- hydrolysis 60, 179
deoxyguanosine 3'-phosphate
- structure 76
deoxyguanosine 5-phosphate
- hydrolysis 179
- structure 76
3'-deoxyguanylic acid
- structure 76
deoxynucleoside 3'-alkyl phosphates 160
deoxynucleoside 5-triphosphates 253
deoxyribonuclease 200, 204 ff.
deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphates
- hydrolysis 147
deoxyribonucleotides
- structure 72
deoxyribose
- conformation in nucleosides and
nucleotides 305
deoxythymidine 94
- hydrolysis 61, 64, 179
deoxythymidine 3'-phosphate
- structure 76
deoxythymidine 3'-(para-nitrophenyl) phosphate 155
deoxythymidine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate 155, 162
deoxythymidine 3',5-diphosphate
- hydrolysis 179
deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate 94
- anhydride of 162
- hydrolysis 179
- structure 76
3-deoxythymidylic acid
- structure 76
5-deoxythymidylic acid
- structure 76
deoxyuridine 94
-hydrolysis 60, 61
2'-deoxyuridine
- hydrolysis 62
DEPC see diethylpyrocarbonate
deuterium isotope effect 116
diadenosine 5-pyrophosphate 144
dialkyl phosphates 123 f.
2',3-dideoxyribonucleoside
5-triphosphate 254
2',3-dideoxyuridine
- hydrolysis 62
diethylpyrocarbonate 425
- DNA cruciform modification 466
- DNA-Z modification 466
- reaction with 412
- TAR modification with 465
- tRNA modification with 458
dihydrouracil 400
- conformation 304
5,6-dihydrouridine 158
1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene 114
N2,3'-diisobutyryideoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 104
meso-dimethoxysuccinic acid 10
6-dimethyl-aminopurine 26
dimethylformamide 450
N1,N7-dimethylguanine 409
2-N,N-dimethylguanine 422
dimethylphosphate 125
dimethylsulfate 282
- G4DNA modification with 468
- tRNA modification with 458
1,3-dimethyluracil 9
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene 28
2,4-dinitrophenyl 28
dinucleoside phosphates
- X-ray structures 325
diphenyl chlorophosphate 141
diphenylamine 440
DMS see dimethylsulfate
DNA
- abbreviations 193 f.
- abridged formulas 193 ff.
- biosynthesis 407
- CD spectra 339
- Chargaff's rules 198
- chemical sequencing 230 ff.
- circular 351
- cleavage 447
- - specific chemical 232
- cleavage reactions used in sequencing 240
- cruciform 356, 465
- denaturation 343
- determination of the primary structure 223 ff.
- enzymatic hydrolysis 185
- four-stranded 468
- gamma radiolysis 447
- G-DNA 357
- H-form 356, 465
- hydrodynamic properties 350
- internucleotide linkage 185 ff.
- labeling 407
- - of the 3' ends 244 f.
- - of the 5' ends 241 ff.
- major types 182
- mapping 225 ff.
- mercurated 407
- modification 235
- monomer units 91
- nomenclature 193 ff.
- nucleotide composition 196 ff.
- reactivity 396
- renaturation 344 E
- sequencing 252fE
- - scheme 239
- - solid phase 281 ff.
- tritium labeled 412
- Watson and Crick model 335 ff.
DNA helices
- A-DNA 338
- B-A transition 338
- B-DNA 337
- B Z transition 340
- polymorphism 337
- sequence-specific microheterogeneity 341
- single-crystal X-ray structure 341
- Z-DNA 339
DNA-ligand interactions 357 ff.
DNA ligase 495 ff.
DNA polymerase 241
DNA-protein complex
- helix-turn-helix motif 359
DNA-RNA hybridization 346, 349
double-stranded polynucleotides 325 ff.
- denaturation of 328
- melting curves 329
- melting temperature 329
- optimal conditions for formation 331
-stability of 330
- stabilizing forces 328

F
Fe(II)-EDTA
- tRNA modification with 460
fibroplast interferon 279
Fischers's formulas 12
fluorescent dyes 290
fluorescent markers 423
formaldehyde 426
- modification of nucleic acids 421
- modification of polynucleotide 421
- - reactions with inosine 419
- - pseudouridine 419
- - thymidine 419
- - uridine 419
furocumarin derivatives 48

H
H-DNA
- isoforms 356
hairpin ribozyme 488
hammerhead ribozyme
- conserved nucleotides 487
- mechanism of action 486
- phosphothioate substitutions in 486
- secondary structure 483f.
- simplified version 486
Haworth's perspective formulas 12
heterocyclic base 391 ff.
- acid-base properties 394
- alkylation 412ff.
- conformation 304
- influence of steric factors 392
- stereochernistry reaction 391
- tautomeric equilibrium 391
homocitrullylaminoadenosine 27
HPLC see ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography
hydrazine 400f., 425
- reaction with heterocyclic bases 45
- treatment of DNA 403
- treatment of RNA and DNA 427
-treatment of tRNA 403
hydrazinolysis 238
hydrogen peroxide 446
hydrogenation
-of nucleosides 41
hydrolysis
- alkyl phosphates 119 ff.
- dialkyl phosphates 123 f.
-monoalkylphosphates 120ff.
- rate vs. pH 120
-trialkylphosphates 124f.
hydrophosphoryl method 494, 538 ff., 542
- nucleotide component 538
- oxidation 538
- scheme 538
- yields 539
N-hydroxybenzotriazole phosphodiester 502
hydroxylamine 425, 450
- DNA-Z modification 466
- rate of detachment 400
- reaction with heterocyclic bases 44
- treatment of RNA and DNA 427
hydroxymethylation
- of nucleotides 99
5-hydroxymethylcytosine 3
5-hydroxymethyluracil 3, 40
hypochromicity - of dinucleoside monophosphates 321
-theory of 321
hypoxanthine 78

I
imidazole 34
imidazole ring
- opening of 416
imidazolide 502
- of mono- and dialkyl phosphates 173
immobilization of oligonucleotides 450
- on cellulose 450
- on hexamethylene diaminosepharose 450
- on sepharose 450
inosine 77
- reactions with carbodiimides and acrylonitrile 43
- tautomeric forms 38
inosinic acid 77
intercalators 360 ff.
internucleotide linkage
- alkaline hydrolysis of 436
-in DNA 436 -in RNA 436
- phosphodiester type 493
- phosphotriester type 493
- rate of hydrolysis 437
- stability of 436
intramolecular alkylation 59
iodination 406
iodine
- chloride 406
- incorporation into polynucleotides 405
- incorporation of an iodine isotope 406
ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 287, 545
isocoenzyme A 177
6-isopentenyladenosine 406
isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate 117
2,3-isopropylidene-1-O-methylribofuranoside 79
2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosine 79
isotopic exchange 43
-catalyst of 411
- equilibrium 408
- fast 408
- ilide mechanism 408
-kinetic data 408
- slow 408
IVS RNA
- acid phosphatase activity 481
- exogenous RNA cleavage 479
- formation of 474
- guanosine binding site 477
- internal guide sequence 479
- mechanism of action 477
- mechanism of formation 474
- RNA ligase activity 482
- RNA polymerase activity 481
- RNA restriction endonucleases 479
- secondary structure 475 f.
- selective amplification 481
- three-dimensional structure 477

K
ketoxal 422 f.
- addition of 422
- property of 423
- rRNA modification with 463
Klenow fragment (DNA polymerase 1) 253

L
lac promoter 258
lacZ gene 258
ligation
- enzymatic 496
linking number
- definition of 351
lithium aluminium hydride
- reduction with 422
2,6-lutidine 536
lysylaminoadenosine 27

M
mercaptan 407
2-mercaptoethylamine 410
mercuration
-course of 406
- mercurating agent 406
mercuric acetate 406, 425
mesitylene sulfochloride 140
mesitylenecarboxyl chloride 450
metaphosphate 114
9-methyl-7-deazaadenine 29
O-methyl-L-tyrosine 26
3-methyladenine 235
7-methyladenine 8
9-methyladenine 8
5-methyldeoxycytidine 46
3-methyldeoxyguanosine 65
7-methyldeoxyguanosine 61, 64
methylethyl phosphate 170
N1-methylguanine 422
N7-methylguanine 235, 409
2-N-methylguanine 422
2'-O-methylguanosine 549
7-methylguanosine 270
O-methylhydroxylamine 400 f.
N-methylimidazole 525, 539
N7-methylinosine 409
N-methylmorpholine 540
methylphosphate cyclohexylamide 170, 173
methylphosphomorpholide 452
2-methylthio-6-isopentenyladenosine 549
3-methylthymine 10
3-methyluracil 9
modification
- nonspecific 404
monoalkyl phosphates 121
monomer-polymer complexes 331
monomethylhydrazine
- reaction with heterocyclic bases 45
morpholide 452

N
N-oxides
- basicity 525
- production of 412
- of substituted pyridines 525
N-conformation - nucleosides and nucleotides 305
netropsin
- complex with DNA 360
nitration 40
para-nitrophenyl phosphate 172
nitrosoalkylurea 448
nitrous acid 423, 426
nonspecific nucleases 200, 206 ff.
nonspecific phosphomonoesterase (PME) 133
nucleases 200 ff. nucleic acid
- modification 389 ff.
- primary structure 181 ff.
nucleophilic substitution at the phosphorus atom 106ff.
nucleoside 2'-benzyl phosphate 154
nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphates 134
- abbreviated symbols 87
- abridged formulas 87
- hydrolysis 86, 146
- structure 86
nucleoside 2',3-phosphates
- enzymatic cleavage 148
nucleoside 3'(2')-alkyl phosphates
- hydrolysis 154 nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphates
- enzymatic cleavage 149
nucleoside 5'-alkyl phosphates 159
nucleoside 5-phosphates
- alkylation 134
- isolation 77
nucleoside 5-pyrophosphates
- synthesis 176
nucleoside 5'-triphosphate 241
nucleoside component 509
nucleoside cyclic phosphates 86 ff., 145 ff.
- enzymatic cleavage 148
- hydrolysis 146 ff.
- other reactions 149 ff.
- synthesis 141 ff.
nucleosides
- abridged formulas 15 f.
- antibiotics 26 ff.
- anti-conformation 309
- carbohydrate moieties of 5 f.
- hydrolysis 62
- intramolecular alkylation 58
- nomenclature 15 f.
- properties 33 ff.
- structure 1 ff.
- syn-conformation 309
5'-nucleotidase 133
nucleotide component 511 f.
nucleotides
- acylation 102, 506
- alkylation 101
- alkyl esters 152 ff.
- amides 169 ff., 174 ff.
- anhydrides with carboxylic acids 163
- anhydrides with phosphoric acids 161 f.
- anti-conformation 309
- enzymatic dephosphorylation 133
- hydrolysis 132
- - of N-glycosidic bonds 178
- isomerism 73 L
- mercurated 407
- mixed anhydrides 161 ff.
- nomenclature 73 L
- properties 93
- separation 72
- structure 71 ff.
- syn-conformation 309

O
oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- determination of nucleotide composition 213 ff.
oligomer-oligomer duplexes
- with unpaired bases 333
oligomer-polymer complexes 332
oligonucleotides 193
- anhydrides of 450
- N-hydroxybenzotriazole phosphodiesters 453
- methods for determination of the nucleotide sequence 208 ff.
oligoribonucleotides
- determination of nucleotide composition 208 ff.
OsO₄
- DNA-Z modification 466
oxidation
- direct 445
- of the 2',3'-cis-glycol group 428
- of the 3'-terminal cis-glycol group in RNA 433 f.
- periodate 435, 444

P
PAGE see polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase I) 205 f.
pantothenoyl phosphate 176
pentose 71, 91
- ionization of hydroxyl groups 96
pentose phosphate 89
peptidyl-transferase site 431
periodate
- oxidation with 422
phage M13 258
- cloning in 257
phosphate groups
- activation 135 ff.
- - by aryl sulfochlorides 138 ff.
- - by carbodiimides 135 ff.
- - by diphenyl chlorophosphate 141
- acylation 144 L
- alkylation 134 L
- ionization 96, 96 ff.
- migration 134
- properties 105 ff.
phosphite-triester method 494, 527 ff.
- drawbacks 528
- phosphorylating agents 529
- protective groups 528
- scheme 528
5-phospho-D-ribonic acid 78
phosphodiester bonds
- enzymatic cleavage 158
- hydrolysis 152 phosphodiester method 494, 515 ff.
- active metaphosphate 512
- comparison of the triester and diester methods 523
- drawbacks 518
- mechanism of internucleotide linkage formation 513
- nucleoside component 506, 509 f.
- nucleotide component 506, 511 f.
- protection of phosphate groups 509
phosphodiesterase (PDE) 72, 149, 159, 200
- from snake venom 159, 185, 207
phosphoimidazoles 178
phosphomonoester bonds 71
phosphomonoesterase (PME) 71, 189, 206 f.
- hydrolysis of spleen PDE 497
- specific 133
phosphoramidite method 534 ff.
-advantages of 537
- condensation 535
- detritylation 537
- nucleotide component 535
- oxidation 535
- post-condensation capping 537
- scheme 535
N-phosphorylated hydroxyamino acids 128
phosphorylation 243
phosphotriester bonds
- hydrolysis 157
phosphotriester method 494, 518 ff., 540 f.
- blocking of the phosphate group 518
- comparison of the triester and diester methods 523
- diphosphate activation 519
- drawbacks 524
- duration 540
- general strategy 519
- key compounds 520
- nucleophilic catalysis 525
- nucleoside component 506, 509 f.
- nucleotide component 506, 511 f.
- phosphorylating agent 520
- protection of phosphate groups 509
- protective phosphate group as a catalyst 526
- standard scheme 522
- yield 540
phosphotrihydroxyglutaric acid 78
piperidine 238, 283
plasmids (episomes) 182, 224
poly(G)
- four-stranded 327
poly(U)
-helical structures 328
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 245 f., 545 f.
polyacrylamide/kieselguhr 533
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 283 ff.
polymerase copying method 256
polynucleotide kinase 241, 497 f.
polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) 189
polynucleotides
- immobilization 407
- isotopic exchange of hydrogen 408
- mercurated 407
- methylation with diazomethane 414
primer 253
prokaryotic cells 182
protective group
- basic requirements 506
- distinction between 506
- introduction and removal conditions 507
- selective removal of 507
pseudoknots 387
pseudorotation 113, 126
pseudouridine 23 ff., 158
- hydrogenolysis 69
- isomerization 67
- properties 66 ff.
- reaction with carbodiimides 419
- reaction with carbodiimides and acrylonitrile 43
- structure 24
- UV absorption spectrum 23
psoralens 48
purine nucleosides
- nucleophilic attack 394
- reaction of electrophilic substitution 393
purine nucleotides
- cleavage of N-gIycosidic bonds 64
purines 1, 34
- abbreviations 4
- methylation 41, 233
- nomenclature 4
- structural formulas 4
puromycin 26
pyridine 34, 539
pyrimidine 1, 34
- abbreviations 4
- isolation 2
- methylation 41
- nomenclature 4
- reaction with hydrazine 237
- rupture of the heterocyclic rings 402
- structural formula 3 pyrimidine bases
- electrophilic substitution 404
pyrimidine derivatives
-addition reactions 47 ff.
pyrimidine nucleosides
- hydrogenation 49
- nucleophilic attack 394
- reaction of electrophilic substitution 393
pyrimidyl ribonuclease (RNase) 86, 148, 158, 189, 201 ff., 245
pyrophosphate bond
- cleavage 161
pyrotartaraldehyde 422
pyrrole 34
pyruvaldehyde 421, 426

R
reactions of heterocyclic bases
- at carbon atoms 398
- effect of ionization on reactivity 394
- electrophilic substitution 393
- nucleophilic attack 394
- reactive sites 392 L, 398
- - nitrogen of the exocyclic amino group 393
- - pyridine nitrogens and carbonyl oxygens 392
- - pyrrole nitrogens 392
- reactivity of bases within the polymeric nucleic acid molecule 392
- steric factors 398
restriction endonucleases 227 ff.
restriction enzymes 225
reverse splicing 480
reverse transcriptase 279f.
- application for modified nucleotides locating 456
ribite 5-phosphate 79
ribitol 2-phosphate 84
ribitol 3-phosphate 84
ribofuranosides
- oxidation 56
a-D-ribofuranosides 13
b -D-ribofuranosides 13
9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-2-hydroxy-6-aminopurine 31
9- b -D-ribofuranosyl-6-chloropurine 29
5- b -D-ribofuranosyluracil 25
D-ribonic acid 5
ribonucleases 200 ff.
ribonucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphates 153
- hydrolysis 147
- synthesis 141 f.
ribonucleoside 3'(2')-alkyl phosphates 153, 155, 161
ribonucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphates
- hydrolysis 147
ribonucleosides
- hydrolysis 62
- oxidation 57
ribonucleotide 5'-triphosphates 244
ribonucleotides
- structure 72
ribose 91
- conformations in nucleosides and nucleotides 305
- heterocycle-free 403
D-ribose 5
ribosomal RNA
- secondary structure 382
5S ribosomal RNA
- secondary structure 385
16S ribosomal RNA 382
- secondary structure 386
23S ribosomal RNA
- secondary structure 365
ribosome 430 f.
ribothymidine 158
ribozymes 471, 473, 479 ff., 488
- see also hammerhead ribozymes
rigid nucleotide concept 311 RNA
- abbreviations 193 ff.
- abridged formulas 193 ff.
- acid hydrolysis 438 f.
- alkaline hydrolysis 187 f., 437
- autocatalytic cleavage with Pb²⁺ 487
- base pairing 364
- biosynthesis 407
- chemical modification 272
- denaturation 364
- determination of nucleotide sequences 268 ff.
- determination of the primary structure 223 ff.
- enzymatic hydrolysis 189
- internucleotide linkage 187 ff.
- labeling 407
- major types 183
- mercurated 407
- monomer units 91
- nomenclature 193 ff.
- nucleotide composition 196 ff.
- reactivity 396
- sequencing
- - direct chemical 268 ff.
- - direct enzymatic 274 ff.
- - solid-phase 281 ff.
- tertiary structure 385
- principles of organisation 385
- tritium labeled 412
RNA ligase 498
RNA secondary structure
- bulges 369
- double-stranded segments 366
- enzymatic methods of analysis 385
- Fresco-Alberts-Doty model 363 ff.
- hairpin loops 368
- internal loops 370
- junctions 371
- phylogenetic approach 381
RNase A (pyrimidyl RNase) 274
RNase BC 276 f.
RNase P 549f.
- catalytic RNA subunit 473
- holoenzyme 473
- miniribozyme 474
- RNA subunit in tRNA processing 471
- secondary structures of the RNA component 382
RNase Phv M 276
RNase U₂ 275

S
S-conformation
- of nucleosides and nucleotides 305
sarin 117
self-cleaving RNAs 483
serine phosphate 131
silica gel
- as anchor group 534
- immobilization of the first nucleoside on 534
site-directed mutagenesis 573
sodium bisulfite 400 f.
sodium borohydride 407
- reduction with 434
sodium borotritide 434
sodium nitrite 424
solid-phase synthesis 529 ff.
- automation 530
- basic principles of 531
- general requirements 532
- immobilization of the first monomer 532
- polymer support 532
- semiautomatic synthesizer 530
- shortcomings 531
somatostatin 550
spleen phosphodiesterase 208
stacking 397, 413
stacking interactions
-in tRNA 377
supercoiled DNA
- cruciform 354
- density of supercoils 352
- intercalation of ethidium bromide 361
- number of supercoils 352
synthesizer
- "Applied Biosystems" 542
- "Biosearch" 542
- operating principle 541
- "Pharmacia" 542
- "Victoria" 541
- "Victoria-5M" 541
synthetic genes
- analysis 549
- bovine rhodopsin 552
- cloning 549
- human insulin 552
- somatotropin 552
- the first protein gene 549
- transcription 549

T
T₁ (guanyl RNase) 274
T4 DNA ligase 546
Taq DNA polymerase 284
TAR
- conformation of 465
tautomerism 35 ff.
terminal transferase 241, 244
tetrabenzyl pyrophosphate 116, 118
tetrahydrofurane 539
Tetrahymena ribozyme see IVS RNA
theophylline (1,3-dimethyl xanthine) riboside 8
thiophenol 537
4-thiouracil 419
2-thiouridine 419
thymidine
- oxidation 48
- reaction with carbodiimides and acrylonitrile 43
- tautomeric forms 38
thymidine 3',5-diphosphate 88
thymine 94
- alkylation 413
- elimination of 403
- halogenation 404 f.
- ionization 95 ff.
- mercuration 404 f.
- structural formula 3
TlCl₃ 405
topoisomerases
- in DNA supercoiling 353
topoisomers of DNA
- separation by gel electrophoresis 355
torsion angles
- definition 308
total net charges
- of nucleic acid bases 313
trialkyl phosphates 124 f.
1,2,4-triazole 540
triester block method synthesis 552
triester method 550
triethylamine 539
trihydroxyglutaric acid 5
2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl sulfochloride 140
1,2,5-O-trimethyl-D-ribofuranose 10
trimethyl-D-ribonolactone 10
triphenylchloromethane 54
triphenylmethyl esters 55
triple-stranded polynucleotides - poly(A) ^. 2poly(U) 326
tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt (III)
- DNA-Z modification 466
5'-O-trityldeoxythymidine 83, 85
tRNA
- aminoacylation 431
- anticodon loop conformation 369
- clover-leaf model 372 f.
- complementary oligonucleotide binding 372
- complexes with specific aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases 381
- degradation 443
- models 431
- - of secondary structure 371
- - of tertiary structure 373
- modification with glyoxal or ketoxal 423
- unusual base pairs in 375
- X-ray structural analysis 373
tubercidin 29

U
uracil 94
- alkylation 413
- halogenation 404 f.
- ionization 95 ff.
- mercuration 404 f.
- 5-mercury substituent 406
- methylation 42
- oxidation 48
- structural formula 3
urea 404
uridine 94
- acylation 52
- alkylation 42
- halogenation 39
- hydrolysis 60, 62, 179
- hydroxymethylation 40
-methylation 42, 134
- modification 404
- reaction with carbodiimides and acrylonitrile 43
- tautomeric forms 36
uridine 2'-phosphate 75
- structure
uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate
- hydrolysis 147
- synthesis 142
uridine 3'-phosphate 75
- structure
uridine 3'(2')-phosphate 132
uridine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate
- enzymatic cleavage 149
- hydrolysis 179
uridine 5'-amidophosphate 175
uridine 5'-phosphate 94, 97
- amide derivatives 174
- hydrolysis 132
- structure 75
2'-uridylic acid
- structure 75
3'-uridylic acid
- structure 75
5'-uridylic acid
- structure 75
uronic acid 58

V
Van der Waals-London interactions 312
vinylogy 440
viral (phage) DNAs 182
viral RNAs 183